Mathematical modelling and simulation of the thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane for economically improved hydrogen production

The demand for low-emission hydrogen is set to grow as the world transitions to a future hydrogen economy. Unlike current methods of hydrogen production, which largely derive from fossil fuels with unabated emissions, the thermo-catalytic methane decomposition (TCMD) process is a promising intermediate solution that generates no direct carbon dioxide emissions and can bridge the transition to green hydrogen whilst utilising existing gas infrastructure. This process is yet to see widespread adoption, however, due to the high catalyst turnover costs resulting from the inevitable deactivation of the catalyst, which plays a decisive role in the feasibility of the process. In this study, a feasible TCMD process was identified and a simplified mathematical model was developed, which provides a dynamic estimation for the hydrogen production rate and catalyst turnover costs over various process conditions. The work consisted of a parametric study as well as an investigation into the different process modes. Based on the numerous simulation results it was possible to find the optimal process parameters that maximise the hydrogen production rate and minimise the catalyst turnover costs, therefore increasing the economic potential of the process and hence its commercial viability.     

Simulation based neuro-fuzzy hybrid intelligent PI control approach in four-area load frequency control of interconnected power system

This paper presents a novel control approach of hybrid neuro-fuzzy (HNF) for load frequency control (LFC) of four-area power system. The advantage of this controller is that it can handle the non-linearities, and at the same time it is faster than other existing controllers. The effectiveness of proposed controller in increasing the damping of local and inter area modes of oscillation is demonstrated in four area interconnected power system. Area-1 and area-2 consist of thermal reheat power plant whereas area-3 and area-4 consist of hydro power plant. Performance evaluation is carried out by using fuzzy, ANN, ANFIS and conventional PI and PID control approaches. The performances of the controllers are simulated using MATLAB/Simulink package. The result shows that intelligent HNF controller is having improved dynamic response and at the same time faster than ANN, fuzzy and conventional PI and PID controllers.     

Carbon nanotube–polyaniline composites

The last decade has seen a growing interest in hybrid electrically conducting nanocomposites. This article aims to provide a detailed overview of the present status of research in carbon nanotube–polyaniline (CNT/PANI) composites, from processing to structural and property evaluations. CNT/PANI are synthesized by electrochemical and chemical processing. When chemical methods are used, the main challenge is to obtain processable CNT/PANI in the emeraldine salt (ES) form composites. Stable dispersions of ES–CNT in organic media are prepared using the post doping method, inverse emulsion polymerization, or ex situ polymerizations. On the contrary, stable water dispersions of CNT/ES are prepared using hydrophilization of a preformed CNT/ES composite, direct synthesis of micelle–CNT hybrid templates, interfacial polymerization, covalent functionalization of CNT with a water soluble polymer, or using electrostatic interactions between two oppositely charged ES and CNT aqueous colloids. Moreover, the strategies for the synthesis of ternary CNT/PANI composites incorporating noble metal nanoparticles, metal oxide, or graphene sheets are also presented and analyzed in depth. Finally, we give a review of potential applications, including chemical sensors, capacitors, fuel cells and electronic devices.     

红枣多糖的高压脉冲电场高效提取及其在卷烟中的应用

采用UV-Vis分光光度法测定红枣中多糖含量,考察了红枣多糖的高压脉冲电场高效提取及工艺优化,并进行了卷烟加香试验。通过分析高压脉冲电场强度、温度、液料比、脉冲频率4个因素对多糖提取率的影响,在单因素试验结果的基础上,设计正交试验。试验结果表明：最佳测定条件为A2B3C2D2,即高压脉冲电场强度为20 kV/cm、固定高压脉冲电场温度为100℃、液料比为15∶1（体积/质量）、脉冲频率为10000 Hz。该方法快速、灵敏、准确,可用于红枣多糖的高效提取,最佳提取工艺条件下的提取率为3．01％。红枣多糖的卷烟加香试验表明,其能增加卷烟香气中的烤甜香韵,醇和烟气,改善口感。     

大型原点反共振振动筛的初步设计

针对传统大型振动筛筛箱侧帮易断裂,参振质量大,隔振效果差等问题,提出了将反共振理论用于振动筛的设计理念,建立了反共振振动筛的力学模型,并进行动力学分析,得到筛箱和下质体稳态时的响应振幅,通过绘制双质体系统的幅频特性曲线得到反共振振动筛的激振频率。利用Solidworks软件对反共振振动筛进行三维建模,完成了大型原点反共振振动筛的初步设计。结果表明:可调激振器位置的斜面设计使激振力通过上质体质心,保证了筛箱的正常工作。由圆柱形螺旋弹簧组成的弹簧座连接上、下质体及地面,保证了系统所需弹性系数;通过应用PID控制技术监控上下质体振幅,并改变激振频率来稳定上、下质体振幅,实现原点反共振振动筛振幅的稳定性控制。     

高压灰水泵变频改造节能效果分析

针对气化工序灰水系统高压灰水泵设计裕量偏大、运行效率低、电耗高、回流管线振动大的问题,将高压灰水泵改为变频调节。改造后,在2台气化炉运行的工况下,回流减压阀全关,电机电流由改造前的140 m A左右降至95 m A左右,节能效果非常明显,回流管线振动大的问题也随之解决。     

TiO_2-ZrO_2二元复合氧化物作分散剂的苯部分加氢制环己烯研究

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同TiO2/ZrO2质量比的TiO2-ZrO2复合氧化物试样。考察了其作为分散剂时Ru-Zn催化剂上苯部分加氢制环己烯的反应性能,并采用N2物理吸附和X射线衍射等手段对TiO2-ZrO2试样进行了表征。结果表明:TiO2在ZrO2表面高度分散,改变了其孔径分布及其晶粒的大小,从而提高了环己烯的选择性;当TiO2/ZrO2质量比为10/90时,环己烯选择性达到最高。催化剂重复使用6次,环己烯选择性仍保持在79%左右。